5/27/2007

Kawagoe Dolls

[ . BACK to Daruma Museum TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Kawagoe Daruma -
Kawagoe Festival 川越祭り






Let us take a break from the subject !
Kanwa Kyuudai 閑話休題






Doing Zazen




A Thumb !



© PHOTOS : だるまさん色々

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

A head full of money !


© PHOTO : capucino

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

川越だるまの矢嶋美夏
Dolls from Yashima Minatsu





:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

CLICK for original : s-yamacomic.blog
from Yama-Chan


CLICK for more photos !

Reference : Daruma market in Kawagoe

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Kawagoe Daruma Mikoshi 川越だるま神輿



Made by Sato San 佐藤光興
For the exhibition at Kawagoe in the Museum

川越市立博物館企画展「だるまさん大集合」
Reference

 Daruma Exhibition at Kawagoe Museum
川越市立博物館へだるま展
  
March 2009

. Daruma Festival Floats (mikoshi, danjiri)

- quote
Kawagoe Festival 川越祭り
Held for two days on the 3rd Saturday and Sunday of October, the Kawagoe Festival is Koedo-Kawagoe ’s liveliest event of the year. Famed for its Kurazukuri (traditional architecture) zone, this city is one of the Kanto Region’s foremost sightseeing spots, and it attracts large numbers of visitors each year.

- Hikkawase
The Kawagoe Festival’s biggest highlight: ‘Hikkawase’
As they face each other, the several festival floats compete with each other in a hayashi performance (a traditional Japanese orchestra comprised of flutes, drums, handbells and dancing), cheered on by the excited voices of festival-goers holding aloft paper lanterns.
The excitement reaches its climax with the evening ‘Hikkawase’.
The Kawagoe Festival has developed both by maintaining a history of over 360 years as an invaluable town festival that preserves the style and elegance of the Edo "Tenka Matsuri", as well as by adding its own unique Kawagoe features.
In 2005, the festival was designated as a National Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property under the title of ‘Kawagoe Hikawa Festival Float Event’
- source : kawagoematsuri.jp

.......................................................................

川越氷川神社 Kawagoe Hikawa Jinja
埼玉県川越市宮下町2-11-3

This shrine is famous for its
. enmusubi 縁結 finding a good partner .


In a tunnel are all the ema 絵馬 votive tablets.

. 柿本人麻呂神社 Kakinomoto Hitomaro Jinja .
川越氷川神社(柿本人麻呂神社):埼玉県川越市宮下町2-11-3 / Saitama, Kawagoe
He is also celebrated as protector of fires 防火の神.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Kita-In Daruma Market in Kawagoe,
Saitama, on January 3rd. 喜多院、川越
- - - Daruma Markets - - -

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- #kawagoe #yashimaminatsu #kawagoehariko -
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

1/20/2007

Kitsune, Fox Daruma

[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



Mister Fox on the watch !


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Fox Daruma, Kitsune Daruma 狐だるま 狐達磨
きつねだるま
A special Doll from Shibata in Niigata Pref.
新発田狐だるま




There is a bigger version of this fox, with a wishfulfilling jewel on the belly.


Other Daruma from this Company

まゆだるま mayu Daruma, silk cocoon
雪ん子だるま Snow Lady Daruma
球だるま All round Daruma
紙だるま kami Daruma, Paper Daruma
気比桃太郎 Keihi Momotaroo Doll


Copyright(c) 2000 工房夢舞 
mumu.ocnk.net (not active any more)


::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Sunahara Kitsune Hariko 砂原狐張子
Sunahara Papermachee Doll


::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::




狐 こんこん
Nozawa papermachee doll
Aizu, Nozawa 会津だるま



::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892)


Inari, the Fox God Cult


. Inari 稲荷 the Fox Deity Amulets .


::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 



source : facebook

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

12/22/2006

Kabocha Daruma Pumpkin

nnnnnnnnnnnn TOP nnnnnnnnnnnnn

Pumpkin Daruma from Koriyama

Kooriyama no Kabocha Daruma かぼちゃ達磨



© http://www.naf.co.jp/mingei/folk.stm


Another LINK with this Daruma and many other Daruma Dolls:
http://www.darumanetjapan.com/da_text/d-touho-new.html


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Fujieda Papermachee Daruma

藤枝市で作られるだるまは、小泉八雲の「乙吉の達磨」で、藤枝だるまとして国際的にも知られるようになりました。「八雲だるま」は小泉八雲にちなんだ名称です。

Daruma with ears (mimitsuki Daruma)
Daruma like a pumpkin (kabocha Daruma) and our
Yakumo Daruma

Daruma Museum:
Fujieda Daruma Dolls


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Clay Doll like Daruma
かぼちゃだるま
幅9*奥行き7.5*高さ7
素材/素焼陶製



© http://s-kyobai.hp.infoseek.co.jp/0020-tutisuzu.htm
Click on this LINK for a great collection of clay dolls.


Daruma Museum
More about Clay Dolls


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::



© http://hono.eternal.chu.jp/?day=20051030


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Daruma Museum:
Gourds and Daruma Dolls



***********************
Please send your contributions to Gabi Greve
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Darumasan-Japan/

Alphabetical Index of the Daruma Museum

12/21/2006

Expo Osaka 1970

[ . BACK to TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Expo Osaka 1970

Silver and Gold Daruma Memorial Dolls

Photos from my friend Ishino


Box and Bottom

Photos from my friend Ishino



Expo '70 (日本万国博覧会, Nihon bankoku hakuran-kai) was a World's Fair held in Suita, Osaka, Japan between March 15 and September 13, 1970. The theme of the Expo was "Progress and Harmony for Mankind." This was the first World's Fair held in Japan. Seventy seven countries attended the event, and within six months, the number of visitors reached 64,210,000 people. In Japanese Expo '70 is often referred to as Ōsaka Banpaku (大阪万博). This fair was one of the largest and best attended expositions in history.

Like the 1964 Summer Olympics, Expo '70 was a success and served as a symbol of the extremely rapid development of Japan in the 1960s. It was held in Suita, a suburb of Osaka. When it was chosen as the site for the event, it was a rural district covered with bamboo forest. For Expo '70 infrastructure was created and the surrounding area was developed. The site for the world fair was planned by the Japanese architect Kenzo Tange.

© More in the WIKIPEDIA !


CLICK for more EXPO photos


***********************
Please send your contributions to Gabi Greve
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Darumasan-Japan/

Alphabetical Index of the Daruma Museum

Kiyomizu Clay Dolls Kyoto

[ . BACK to Worldkigo TOP . ]
. Kyoto Folk Art .
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Kyoto Clay Dolls 京都土人形 


. Fushimi tsuchi ningyoo 伏見土人形 clay dolls from Fushimi .

. Kyoto no dorei 京都の土鈴 clay bells from Kyoto .

.......................................................................

Yamazaki no inoshishi 山崎の猪 wild boar from Yamazaki



Related to a story of the Chushingura Samurai Vendetta, near the Hachiman Shrine at 大山崎町の離宮八幡宮 Oyamazaki.
山崎街道の場 Yamazaki Kaido no Ba

- quote -
Chūshingura (忠臣蔵 The Treasury of Loyal Retainers)
Act V, scene 1, Yamazaki kaidō teppō watashi no ba
“The Musket Shots on the Yamazaki Highway”

While only a peripheral part of the story, these two scenes are very popular because of their fine staging and dramatic action. Kanpei is now living with Okaru’s parents and is desperate to join the vendetta. On a dark, rainy night we see him out hunting wild boar. Meanwhile, Okaru has agreed that her father, Yoichibei, sell her into prostitution in Kyoto to raise money for the vendetta. On his way home from the Gion pleasure quarter with half the cash as a down payment, Yoichibei is, however, murdered and robbed by Sadakurô, the wicked son of Kudayū, one of Hangan’s retainers. Sadakurō is dressed in a stark black kimono and, though brief, this role is famous for its sinister and blood curdling appeal. Kanpei shoots at a wild boar but misses.
Instead, the shot hits Sadakurō and, as he dies, the blood drips from Sadakurō’s mouth onto his exposed white thigh. Kanpei finds the body but cannot see who it is in the darkness. Hardly believing his luck, he discovers the money on the body, and decides to take it to give to the vendetta.
- source : wikipedia -

五段目で運のいいのは猪ばかり


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Kyoto Kiyomizu Clay Dolls 清水土人形 


Photo from my friend Ishino

One plays the shamisen, look on the left.
One in the back sits in Zazen meditation with folded hands.

There are eight little dolls.
Usually you find one or two at an antiques fair, here they are all together.

.................................................................................


Small Clay Dolls from Kiyomizu
Kiyomizu mame ningyoo 清水豆人形


Most are just 1 to 4 cm high. They started to be made in the early Meiji period. THey come in a little bag with a bamboo bottom or paper bottom.

 CLICK for more Kyoto Clay Dolls
CLICK for more dolls !




Popular motives are 七福神 the Seven Gods of Good Luck, 雛人形 Hina Dolls, 金太郎 Kintaro and other well-known heroes. There is also a set of 郷土玩具のセット "Local Folk Toys".
Another set comes in a special pouch called Shingen-bukuro 信玄袋 with a bottom of strong paper and a draw-string to close it.
This bag contains 12 pieces, 犬・虎・だるま・天狗面・狐面・ねずみ・独楽・鳩笛・でんでん太鼓・獅子頭・こけし・風車.
- reference : popeye.sakura.ne.jp -


. Shingen-bukuro 信玄袋 Shingen drawstring-pouch .

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 


Kiyomizuyaki 清水焼 pottery from Kiyomizu
Kiyomizu-ware from Kyoto


One of the terms commonly given to similar wares produced by several local kilns and associated with the old pottery market which still exists on the hill leading to Kyoto's Kiyomizudera 清水寺.

What is now called Old Kiyomizu ko-kiyomizu 古清水 is actually the pottery that emerged during the Kan'ei 寛永 era (1624-44) from kilns in Yasaka 八坂, Otowa 音羽, Kiyomizu, and Mizorogaike 御菩薩池, all in Kyoto.
It was not until the potter Nonomura Ninsei 野々村仁清 became active after 1647 that the overglaze enamel techniques and decoration associated with Kiyomizu ware were clearly established.
source : Jaanus



MORE : Robert Yellin - e-yakimono



.Tea cup with Daruma Hina Dolls .
by the famous Kyoto potter Nonomura Ninsei


::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 



Temple Kiyomizu-dera 清水寺
in Kyoto was founded in the early Heian period.
The temple dates back to 778.

The main hall has a large veranda, supported by tall pillars, that juts out over the hillside and offers impressive views of the city. Large verandas and main halls were constructed at many popular sites during the Edo period to accommodate large numbers of pilgrims.

The popular expression "to jump off the stage at Kiyomizu" is the Japanese equivalent of the English expression "to take the plunge". This refers to an Edo period tradition that held that, if one were to survive a 13m jump from the stage, one's wish would be granted. Two hundred thirty-four jumps were recorded in the Edo period and, of those, 85.4% survived.
The practice is now prohibited.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA !




Tokuriki Tomikichiro 徳力富吉郎 (1902-1999)

.......................................................................

kigo for the Kiyomizu Temple

. Kiyomizu no Go Ou 清水の牛王 (きよみずのごおう)
Go-Oo Ox Deity at temple Kiyomizu .

Kiyomizudera go Oo清水寺牛王(きよみずでらごおう)、
..... 清水寺牛王杖(きよみずでらごおうづえ)
Go-Oo stick at Kiyomizu Temple

observance kigo for the New Year



source : mfa.org/collections/object

Young Woman Jumping from the Kiyomizu Temple Balcony
with an Umbrella as a Parachute

清水の舞台から飛び降りる女
by Suzuki Harunobu

.................................................................................



Jishu Jinja 地主神社 Jishu Shrine for the local deity



The shrine is famous for its "love divination".
There are two large stones, koi uranai no ishi 恋占いの石, about as high as the knee. They are about 6 meters apart from each other and if the love seeker manages to walk between them with closed eyes, reaching the other stone straight, he can be assured his love wish will be fulfilled.




- Reference : Amulets from the Shrine -


koi no o-mamori 恋 お守り amulets for LOVE !
. . . CLICK here for Photos !

.................................................................................



jishu matsuri 地主祭 (じしゅまつり)
festival of the local deity of Kiyomizu

Kiyomizu jishu matsuri 清水地主祭(きよみずじしゅまつり)

observance kigo for early summer

on March 5
Festival for Jishu Gongen 地主権現.
This festival was initiated by Enyuu Tennoo 円融天皇.
Now parades of ladies clad in white and warriors in armor walk through down the Sannenzaka slope and the Chawanzaka slope in Kyoto.


source and more photos : kotohurari.web

The Kiyomizu temple complex includes several other shrines, among them the Jishu Shrine, dedicated to Ōkuninushi, a god of love and "good matches".
Jishu Shrine possesses a pair of "love stones" placed 6 meters/20 feet apart, which lonely visitors can try to walk between with their eyes closed. Success in reaching the other stone with their eyes closed implies that the pilgrim will find love, or true love. One can be assisted in the crossing, but this is taken to mean that a go-between will be needed. The person's romantic interest can assist them as well.



揚々と家老の鑓や地主まつり
Shoozan 嘯山 (1718 - 1801)


景清は地主祭にも七兵衛 
Tan Taigi 炭太祇 (1709 - 1771)


. OBSERVANCES – SUMMER SAIJIKI .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


observance kigo for early autumn



Kiyomizu sennichi moode 清水千日詣
(きよみずせんにちもうで)
Visiting Kiyomizu temple for 1000 days
yokubi 欲日(よくび), yokunichi mairi 欲日参
"day with great hopes"
shiman rokusennichi 四万六千日(しまんろくせんにち)
"46000 days"

Why 46000 days, you might ask?
This is supposed to be the number of rice grains in one Japanese measure of rice, Japan being an old rice-growing nation and wasting even one grain of it was a big sin.

People visited the Kiyomizu temple on one of the days from August 9 to 16. This would bring the merit of 1000 temple visits, so it was a day of great hopes for a better after-life.

. shiman rokusen nichi 四万六千日(しまんろくせんにち)
46000 days - Market at Asakusa Temple, Tokyo .


.................................................................................



Temple Nakayama-Ji in Osaka 大阪 - 中山寺


Kiyomizu hoshi kudari 清水星下り (きよみずほしくだり)
"a star comes to Kiyomizu"


On the 24th day of the seventh lunar month
(now celebrated on August 9)
the statue of Kannon from temple Nakayama-Ji in Osaka changed into a star and came over to Kiyomizu temple in Kyoto.
The monks celebrate the whole night with lights and prayers.

. OBSERVANCES - AUTUMN SAIJIKI .

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

. Kyoto Folk Art .


[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
- #kiyomizu #kyotoclaydolls #tsuchiningyokyoto -
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Nakano Clay Dolls

[ . BACK to TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Nakano Clay Dolls 中野土人形
Some are really small.






Photos from my friend Ishino san.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Kobayashi Issa



WDK : Kobayashi Issa, Haiku Poet from Nagano



rainy winter day
clay dolls from Nakano
Daruma and Issa


Gabi, December 2007


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Nakano City, famous as the "country of clay dolls".
In the museum, standing on the hill with a picturesque view, clay dolls made in Nakano and 1500 other dolls made all over Japan, are displayed.
Nakano Clay Doll Museum
Shinano

中野市日本土人形資料館


CLILCK for more Clay Dolls from Nakano
Click for more photos.



The two families, Nara (from Kyoto, Fushimi) and Nishihara (from Aichi, Tategahana), make these dolls in Nakano.


北信州に伝わる中野の土人形には、奈良家が制作する「中野人形」と、西原家が制作する「立ヶ花人形」があり、この両者を合わせて、「郷土玩具 中野土人形」と呼んでいます。
奈良家「中野人形」の主なものは京都伏見系、西原家「立ヶ花人形」は愛知三河系の流れを汲んでいます。
この愛らしい中野土人形は、生活や風習に深く結びつき、古くから俗に「土びな」と呼び親しまれ、庶民に大切にされてきました。
中野の土人形


Their repertoir comprizes an Ebisu carrying Daruma doll.
だるま恵比寿

... Daruma doll museum : Ebisu Doll


:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Tategahana ningyoo 立ケ花人形
dolls from Tategahana




These dolls are now revived, even with a new Daruma in the collection, by
Nishihara san.



The dolls have been made since about 100 years ago.




西原邦男 Nishihara Kunio was a tile maker and used the clay to make some dolls.

source : www.shinshu.co.jp


..........................................................................


中野土人形。立ケ花人形。


Daikoku on a fugu puffer fish ふぐ乗り大黒
If you eat a puffer fish, the poison might kill you. (fugu ni ataru.)
This is a pun with fuku ni ataru 福に当たる大黒, to be lucky when you meet Daikoku
This doll brings luck to the merchants.
This is the only clay doll with this combination.

Ebisu with a shop register 帳面持ちえびす




Sanaso Dancer  / Kanu with a helbard 関羽 (Kabuki)




Child on a toy horse / Kintoki on a wild boar


source : agal-916.html


::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 


tsuchibina 土雛(つちびな)clay dolls



CLICK for more samples !


::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

. Nagano Folk Art - 長野県 .


[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 

10/01/2006

Yamanashi

[ . BACK to TOP . ]
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Parent and Child Daruma from Yamanashi
oyako Daruma 親子だるま



. . . CLICK here for more Photos !


親だるまがお腹に可愛い子だるまを抱いています。よく見ると、子だるまにも立派なヒゲが生えていますよ~(笑)。
梨県で立派なヒゲの親子といいますと…やはり戦国武将の武田信玄・勝頼親子がモデルになっているのでしょうか?白いだるまも珍しいですよね。

《甲州は農業や養蚕業が盛んだったため、その豊作を願って繭の形をした白だるまを奉る風習が江戸時代末期に生まれました。子孫繁栄を願って、腹にその子だるまに描かれたには立身出世の願いが込められています。》との事。
横側が松竹梅で綺麗です
... source was : popyah/yamanashi/oyakodaruma ...


This Daruma is all white. If you look closely, the child Daruma already has a large beard! Maybe because they are made in memory of Takeda Shingen, the great warlord of the area during the Edo period. And the side is decorated with the auspicious pattern of "Pine, Bamboo and Plum" (shoo chiku bai).

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


親子だるま  山梨県甲府 From Kofu in Yamanashi



© Mingei 2

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Parent and Child Daruma, oyako Daruma

GOOGLE for more parent and child Daruma dolls !






出口すみこさん 「親子だるま」



:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Black Daruma Oyako 親子


Sitting in my garden.
Made from wood.

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::


Koshu Daruma ... (Kooshuu Daruma) 甲州だるま ...
Shingen Daruma 信玄だるま (Takeda Shingen) from Yamanashi


. Folk Toys from Yamanashi .
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

[ . BACK to DARUMA MUSEUM TOP . ]
[ . BACK to WORLDKIGO . TOP . ]
- #oyakodaruma #yamanashioyako -
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::